Pattani Kingdom

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Patani (Pattani) is known to have been part of the ancient Srivijayan kingdom. It then covered approximately the area of the modern Thailand provinces of Pattani Province, Yala Province, Narathiwat Province and much of the northern part of modern Malaysia. The King of Patani is believed to have been converted to Islam some time during the 11th century.

Like many of the small kingdoms in Southeast Asian history, Pattani broke away from an older ancient state. Most did not have their own written language, enjoyed only short periods of real independence and have long since disappeared.

Early History Patani was a part of Srivijaya, a Hindu-Buddhist Empire located in Palembang and a maritime confederation from the 3rd century. Srivijaya dominated trade in the South China Sea and exacted tolls on all traffic through the Straits of Malacca.

Patani and the Siamese Kingdom - Sukhothai In the 14th century, King Ramkhamhaeng the Great (c.1239 - 1317) of Sukhothai (also known as Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng, ), occupied Nakhon Si Thammarat and its vassal states - including Pattani.

Patani and the Siamese Kingdom - Ayutthaya The Thais conquered the isthmus during the thirteenth century. Their kingdom was a single unified state with Ayutthaya (city) as a capital and many smaller vassal states under its control. Thus, they used a self-governing system whereby the vassal states and tributary provinces owed allegiance to the king of Ayutthaya (city), but otherwise ran their own affairs.

During much of the fifteenth century Ayutthaya Kingdom's energies were directed toward the Malay Peninsula, especially the trading port of Malacca. Ayutthaya Kingdom's sovereignty extended over Malacca and the Malay states south of Tambralinga (Nakorn Sri Thammarat). Ayutthaya helped to develop and stabilize the region, opening the way for the lucrative trade on the isthmus. This attracted Chinese merchants seeking specialty goods for the markets of China.

The sixteenth century witnessed the rise of Burma, which under an aggressive dynasty had overrun Chiang Mai and Laos and then made war on Ayutthaya. In 1569 Burmese forces, joined by Siamese rebels, captured and looted the city of Ayutthaya, carrying the royal family into captivity in Burma. Dhammaraja (reigned 1569-90), a Siam provincial governor who had aided the Burmese, was installed as vassal king at Ayutthaya. Thai independence was later restored by his son, King Naresuan the Great (reigned 1590-1605), who rebelled against the Burmese and by 1600 had driven them from the country.

Determined to prevent another act of treason like his father's, King Naresuan set about unifying the country's administration directly under the royal court at Ayutthaya. He ended the practice of nominating royal princes to govern Ayutthaya's provinces, assigning instead court officials who were expected to execute the policies handed down by the king. Thereafter, the royal princes were confined to the capital. Their power struggles continued, but were at court under the king's watchful eye. Even with King Naresuan's reforms, the power of the royal government over the next 150 years should not be overestimated. With the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese in 1569, Patani had become virtually independent.

image:Patani1782a.jpg

In the mid-17th century, however, Ratu Kuning (the Yellow Queen), believed to be the last of the four successive rulers of Pattani, died. Pattani went through decades of political chaos and conflict, suffering a gradual decline.

One hundred years later, Ayutthaya under King Ekatat (Boromaraja V) was faced with another the Burma invasion. This culminated in the fall and complete destruction of Ayutthaya in 1767. Siam was broken apart, Patani declared its independence.

General Taksin (later King Taksin) managed to defeat the Burmese and reunify the country, opening the way for the establishment of the Chakri Dynasty dynasty by his successor, King Rama I. A resurgent and much stronger Siam, led by Prince Surasi (Vice-King Boworn Maha Surasinghanat), the younger brother of King Rama I, sought the submission of Pattani

Patani in the Bangkok Period A series of attempted rebellions prompted Bangkok to divide Pattani into seven smaller states during the reign of King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai. Yala and Narathiwat remain separate provinces to this day.

See also

Pattani Province
Pattani (region)
Siam
Thailand
South Thailand insurgency
PULO
Yawi